Hemodynamic outcomes of adult patients on scalp block using ropivacaine and lidocaine: Retrospective cohort study

Background@#Hemodynamic instability can occur with the pain from scalp incision to brain retraction during cranial neurosurgery. @*Objective@#To determine the hemodynamic outcomes of patients who received ropivacaine plus lidocaine scalp block. @*Design@#Retrospective cohort study. @*Setting@#Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City. @*Participants@#44 patients given scalp block for cranial neurosurgery. @*Main outcome measures@#Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and frequencies of tachycardia, hypertension, bradycardia, and hypotension from the time of scalp block administration to 15 minutes after scalp incision (observation period).